Psycho-Oncology

Psycho-Oncology is a multidisciplinary subspecialty of oncology concerned with the emotional responses of patients, their families, and staff at all stages of disease. It also examines the psychological, social, and behavioral variables that influence cancer risk, prevention, and survival.

The formal history of psycho-oncology began in the mid-1970s in the United States. Only at this juncture had the stigma of cancer diminished to the point that most patients were told their diagnosis, allowing the study of their emotional responses. Social workers and nurses initially addressed the psychosocial problems of patients with cancer and their families, with early research in the field conducted mainly by consultation liaison psychiatrists. Subsequent investigators included health psychologists (studying theoretic models of coping and cognitive behavior interventions), behavioral psychologists (studying lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation and dietary modification to reduce cancer risk), and nursing researchers (studying symptom management and control, pain management, and psychological support).

Psychologists and psychiatrists are trained in using behavioral approaches and medications to help patients facing cancer, cancer treatment, and cancer survivorship. They identify and address psychological and social distress, including the stresses of illness and medical treatment and concerns with relationships and caregiving. Patients learn behavioral strategies for coping with pain, insomnia, challenges with eating, and other issues. Patients are taught goal setting and mind-body strategies to help make meaningful changes that improve their quality of life, regardless of their diagnosis.